In this review, we examine and compare over 400 fiber optic interferometers as well as more than 60 fiber optic refractive sensors based on fiber optic cavities. Fiber optic interferometers to sense various physical parameters including temperature, strain, pressure, and refractive index have been widely investigated. They can be categorized into four types: Fabry-Perot, Mach-Zehnder, Michelson, and Sagnac. The most common fiber devices are based on Mach–Zehnder interferometry and Michelson interferometry—two. As the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine enters a fifth year, technological advances continue to reshape the battlefield. In a conflict that is widely recognized as the world's first drone war, one of the most striking recent developments has been the rise of fiber-optic drones. Fiber-optic. Fiber-optic sensing (FOS) technology has emerged as a cutting-edge research focus in the sensor field due to its miniaturized structure, high sensitivity, and remarkable electromagnetic interference immunity.
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